永久設立之大型防禦性軍事據點，經特別強固，部份會包含城鎮。較「堡壘（forts）」更大及堅固。

要塞(防禦工事)　(P,,U,繁體中文-偏好,D,,)
堡壘(要塞)　(,U,繁體中文-非偏好,UF,,)
城堡(要塞)　(,U,繁體中文-非偏好,UF,U,U)
yao sai(P,,U,韋氏拼音-偏好,UF,U,U)
yào sāi(P,,U,漢語拼音-偏好,UF,U,U)
yao sai(P,,U,漢語拼音(無聲調)-偏好,UF,U,U)
fortresses(P,,U,英文-偏好,D,U,PN)
fortress(,U,英文-非偏好,AD,U,SN)
strongholds(,U,英文-非偏好,UF,U,N)
vestingen(P,,U,荷蘭語-偏好,D,U,U)
vesting(,U,荷蘭語-非偏好,AD,U,U)
fortalezas(P,,U,西班牙語-偏好,D,U,PN)
fortaleza(,U,西班牙語-非偏好,AD,U,SN)

藝術與建築詞典根目錄
....物件層面
........建築環境 (層級名)
............單一建築作品 (層級名)
................<單一建築作品 (建築環境)>
....................<依特定種類區分之單一建築作品>
........................<依功能區分之單一建築作品>
............................防禦工事
................................要塞 (防禦工事)

distinguished from....

堡壘(碉堡)

英文....	Large, permanent, heavily fortified, defensive military positions, sometimes including a town. Larger and stronger than "forts."
荷蘭語....	Grote, permanente, zwaarversterkte militaire verdedigingsposities, soms met een stad erbij. Groter en sterker dan 'vestingwerken'.
西班牙語....	Úsese para designar una posición militar defensiva grande, permanente, fuertemente fortificada, que a veces incluye una ciudad. Más grandes que "fuerte".

要塞(防禦工事)............	[AS-Academia Sinica]
.................	朗文當代大辭典 676
.................	智慧藏百科全書網 September 30, 2012
.................	牛津當代大辭典 688
.................	建築學英漢辭典 163
.................	遠流字典通 May 15, 2015
.................	Cambridge Dictionaries Online May 15, 2015
堡壘(要塞)............	[AS-Academia Sinica]
.................	朗文當代大辭典 676
.................	建築學英漢辭典 163
.................	Cambridge Dictionaries Online May 15, 2015
城堡(要塞)............	[AS-Academia Sinica]
.................	線上英漢字典 May 15, 2015
.................	Cambridge Dictionaries Online May 15, 2015
fortresses............	[VP]
.................	Adkins, Thesaurus of British Archaeology (1982) IND
.................	Roberts, Construction Industry Thesaurus (1976)
.................	Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (1975)
.................	Hogg, Fortress (1977) 8
.................	Oxford English Dictionary (1989)
.................	Quick, Weapons and Military Terms (1973)
.................	RCHME, Revised Thesaurus of Architectural Terms (1989)
.................	RILA, Subject Headings (1975-1990)
.................	Sturgis, Dictionary of Architecture and Building (1902)
.................	Canadian Thesaurus of Construction Science and Technology (1978)
.................	Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961)
.................	Random House Unabridged Dictionary (1993)
.................	BHA Subject Headings (1985-)
fortress............	[VP]
.................	Getty Vocabulary Program rules
strongholds............	[VP]
.................	Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (1975)
.................	Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961)
vestingen............	[Bureau AAT]
.................	AAT-Ned (1994-)
vesting............	[Bureau AAT]
.................	AAT-Ned (1994-)
fortalezas............	[CDBP-DIBAM]
.................	Comité, Plural del término en singular
fortaleza............	[CDBP-DIBAM]
.................	Mumford, La Ciudad en la Historia (1966)
.................	Plazola Cisneros y Plazola Anguiano, Arquitectura Habitacional (1990)
Subject:............	[Bureau AAT]
.................	RIBA, Architectural Keywords (1982) Fortresses, citadels
.................	RILA, Subject Headings (1975-1990) Military architecture
.................	Van Dale groot woordenboek (1994)
.................	Van Dale Engels-Nederlands (1989)
.................	Kamps, Terminologie verdedigingswerken (1999)

Getty AAT: 300006894 Getty AAT: http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=costume&logic=AND¬e=&subjectid=300006894
聯合目錄： 要塞 、堡壘 、城堡 、yao sai 、yào sāi 、yao sai 、fortresses 、fortress 、strongholds 、vestingen 、vesting 、fortalezas 、fortaleza